A Five-Week Periodized Carbohydrate Diet Does Not Improve Maximal Lactate Steady-State Exercise Capacity and Substrate Oxidation in Well-Trained Cyclists compared to a High-Carbohydrate Diet.

There is a growing interest in studies involving carbohydrate (CHO) manipulation and subsequent adaptations to endurance training. This study aimed to analyze whether a periodized carbohydrate feeding strategy based on a daily training session has any advantages compared to a high-carbohydrate diet in well-trained cyclists. Seventeen trained cyclists (VO2peak = 70.8 ± 6.5 mL·kg-1·min-1) were divided into two groups, a periodized (PCHO) group and a high-carbohydrate (HCHO) group. Both groups performed the same training sessions for five weeks. In the PCHO group, 13 training sessions were performed with low carbohydrate availability. In the HCHO group, all sessions were completed following previous carbohydrate intake to ensure high pre-exercise glycogen levels. In both groups, there was an increase in the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) (PCHO: 244.1 ± 29.9 W to 253.2 ± 28.4 W; p = 0.008; HCHO: 235.8 ± 21.4 W to 246.9 ± 16.7 W; p = 0.012) but not in the time to exhaustion at MLSS intensity. Both groups increased the percentage of muscle mass (PCHO: p = 0.021; HCHO: p = 0.042) and decreased the percent body fat (PCHO: p = 0.021; HCHO: p = 0.012). We found no differences in carbohydrate or lipid oxidation, heart rate, and post-exercise lactate concentration. Periodizing the CHO intake in well-trained cyclists during a 5-week intervention did not elicit superior results to an energy intake-matched high-carbohydrate diet in any of the measured outcomes.

Prevalencia y análisis de factores de infección de sitio quirúrgico en clínica de heridas / Prevalence and Analysis of Surgical Site Infection Factors in Wound Clinic

Introducción: La infección de herida quirúrgica causa altas tasas de morbilidad y repercute sobre los índices de mortalidad. Constituye la primera infección intrahospitalaria entre pacientes quirúrgicos del total de infecciones nosocomiales y la primera entre los pacientes quirúrgicos. Existen factores de riesgo como la clasificación ASA, la diabetes mellitus, la hipertensión arterial y los días de estancia hospitalaria, los cuales influyen en su desarrollo. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de infecciones de sitio quirúrgico por cirugías realizadas en el Hospital Dr. Carlos Canseco de Tampico, ciudad del estado mexicano de Tamaulipas. Métodos: Diseño observacional, analítico, transversal y retrospectivo de 54 pacientes con diagnóstico de infección de sitio quirúrgico. Las variables de estudio se clasificaron como dependientes (género, edad, lugar de origen, días de estancia hospitalaria, peso, índice de masa corporal) e independientes (diagnóstico, procedimiento quirúrgico realizado y clasificación ASA otorgada). Resultados: La población de 40 a 50 años fue la más afectada, con mayor predominancia sobre el género femenino. La Clasificación ASA II y III presentaron mayor prevalencia de infección de sitio quirúrgico, sobre todo en cirugías electivas (28 por ciento). Mientras mayor fue la estancia hospitalaria, mayor fue la probabilidad de desarrollar infección de sitio quirúrgico. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de infección en el sitio quirúrgico en pacientes operados por los distintos servicios quirúrgicos no es similar a la reportada por otros autores. La Clasificación ASA II y III presentaron infección del sitio quirúrgico con más frecuencia, mientras que la comorbilidad más llamativa de este estudio fue el índice de masa corporal como factor de riesgo que no debe pasar desapercibido(AU)

Introduction: Surgical wound infection causes high morbidity rates and impacts mortality rates. It is the first in-hospital infection among surgical patients of all nosocomial infections and the first among surgical patients. There are risk factors that influence its development, such as the ASA classification, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and days of hospital stay. Objective: To determine the prevalence of surgical site infections from surgeries performed at Hospital Dr. Carlos Canseco, of Tampico, a city in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas. Methods: An observational, analytical, cross-sectional and retrospective study was carried out with 54 patients with a diagnosis of surgical site infection. The study variables were classified as dependent variables (gender, age, place of origin, days of hospital stay, weight and body mass index) and independent variables (diagnosis, surgical procedure performed, and given ASA classification). Results: The population aged 40 to 50 years was the most affected, with a greater predominance of the female gender. ASA classification II and III had a higher prevalence of surgical site infection, above all in elective surgeries (28 %). The longer the hospital stay, the higher the probability of developing surgical site infection. Conclusions: The prevalence of surgical site infection in patients operated on by the different surgical services is not similar to that reported by other authors. ASA Classification II and III presented surgical site infection more frequently, while the most remarkable comorbidity in this study was body mass index as a risk factor that should not go unnoticed(AU)

Use of Acheta domesticus meal as a full soybean substitute in the feeding of slow-growing chicks.

Sustainable poultry meat production involves the use of slow-growing chick strains and the utilization of new protein sources as an alternative to the current monopoly of soybean meal. In this scenario, a study was conducted to assess the effect of replacing soybean meal with domestic cricket (Acheta domesticus) meal on the developing cycle of slow-growing chicks. To this end, a total of 128 one-day-old male chicks (Colorield) were randomly assigned into 16 experimental units, each consisting of 8 chicks, which in turn were grouped into 2 groups fed isoproteic and isoenergetic diets in which the protein source differed: the control group (C) fed soybean meal and the Acheta group (AD) fed Acheta domesticus insect meal as the main protein source. Chicks were slaughtered at 95 d of age. Three different diets (F1, F2 and F3) were used for each experimental group according to the nutritional needs of the birds during their growth. The F1 diet (1-29 d) resulted in higher feed and water intake and higher body weight gain for group C, but a lower feed conversion rate. On the contrary, during F2 (29-60 d) no differences in productive performances were observed between the 2 groups, except for a higher water intake for group C. Finally, during the period corresponding to diet F3 (60-95 d) there were only differences in feed intake, which was higher for the AD group. In conclusion, the substitution of soybean meal for Acheta domesticus meal caused a decrease in feed intake during the first month and consequently a lower body weight. During the first 4 weeks of life of the chicks, a partial replacement of soybean meal may be recommended, since high inclusions of A. domesticus meal in this period seem to be detrimental in young chicks. Given the absence of relevant differences in productive performances between both groups, it could be concluded that the use of A. domesticus cricket meal can be a potential protein alternative to soybean meal.

Effects of acute caffeine intake on combat sports performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The interest in the benefits of caffeine in combat sports has grown exponentially in the last few years, evidenced by the significant rise of post-competition urine caffeine concentration. We conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of caffeine on different performance variables in combat sports athletes. In total, we included 25 studies. All studies included had blinded, and cross-over experimental designs, and we conducted a risk of bias analysis. For nonspecific outcomes, there was an ergogenic effect of caffeine on vertical jump height (SMD: 0.38; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.71) and reaction time (SMD: -0.98, 95% CI: -1.46,-0.50). For outcomes specific to combat sports, there was an increase in the number of throws with caffeine in the Special Judo Fitness Test (SMD: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.14, 1.09). Caffeine ingestion increased the number of offensive actions during combats (SMD: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.74). Caffeine ingestion increased the duration of offensive actions during combat (SMD: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.21, 0.96). Finally, caffeine ingestion increased blood lactate concentration after bout 1 (SMD: 1.35) bout 2 (SMD: 1.43) and bout 3 (SMD: 1.98). Overall, athletes competing in combat sports may consider supplementing with caffeine for an acute increase in exercise performance.

A paradigm shift in the quantification of wave energy attenuation due to saltmarshes based on their standing biomass.

Most existing analytical and numerical models to quantify wave energy attenuation attributed to saltmarshes are based on the definition of a drag coefficient that varies with vegetation and wave characteristics and requires calibration, i.e., a case-specific variable. With the aim of determining a new variable to estimate wave energy attenuation without the use of calibration coefficients, wave attenuation caused by different saltmarsh species and the relationship with the ecosystem standing biomass are experimentally studied. Samples of four real saltmarshes with contrasting morphological and biomechanical properties, namely, Spartina sp., Salicornia sp., Halimione sp. and Juncus sp., are collected in the field and placed in a wave flume for testing under different regular and random wave conditions. Two meadow densities are considered, in addition to zero-density cases. Thus, wave damping coefficients are obtained in vegetated cases, ß, and bare soil cases, ßB, and wave damping produced solely by the meadow standing biomass, ßSB, is determined. The obtained wave damping coefficients are related to a new variable, the hydraulic standing biomass (HSB), which is defined as a function of the meadow mean height and standing biomass and incident flow characteristics. Linear fitting relationships between the wave damping coefficient and HSB are obtained, allowing ß and ßSB estimation without the need for calibration. Therefore, the use of these new relationships facilitates direct quantification of wave energy attenuation due to saltmarshes based on incident wave conditions, mean plant height and meadow standing biomass, variables that can be obtained from aerial images or remote sensing data, extending the applicability of the approach. Another key aspect is that this approach does not depend on any calibration coefficient and can be directly applied with knowledge of the abovementioned characteristics. This may represent a paradigm shift in the estimation of wave energy attenuation attributed to saltmarshes.

Performance of Slow-Growing Chickens Fed with Tenebrio molitor Larval Meal as a Full Replacement for Soybean Meal.

Insect larval meal is an increasingly common protein source in poultry systems. In this study, the effect of replacing soybean meal with Tenebrio molitor larval meal on the performance of slow-growing chickens was assessed. A total of 128 one-day-old chickens (Colorield) were randomly divided into a control group (C) (n = 64), fed with soybean meal, and an experimental group (TM) (n = 64), fed with T. molitor larvae meal. The chicks were slaughtered after 95 days. Three different isoenergetic and isoproteic diets (F1, F2 and F3) were used for each group. The F1 diet resulted in higher body weight gain and higher feed and water intakes in group C, but a lower feed conversion ratio. Contrarily, diets F2 and F3 did not produce differences in the studied parameters between the two groups, except for body weight gain in the case of diet F2, which was highest in group C. Therefore, weight gain and feed and water intakes were significantly higher in group C, but there were no differences in feed conversion ratio or live weight. In conclusion, the total replacement of soybean meal with T. molitor larvae meal resulted in a reduction in feed intake and a consequent reduction in weight. During this period, partial rather than total substitution may be recommended.

Asociación de los resultados de dos pruebas diagnósticas de infección por Helicobacter pylori / Association of the results of two diagnostic tests for Helicobacter pylori infection

Helicobacter pylori es un microrganismo que se considera que afecta al 50% de la población. Se realizó un estudio con diseño no experimental, correlacional y transversal, con el objetivo de determinar la asociación de los resultados de pruebas diagnósticas de infección por H. pylori a través de biopsia obtenida por endoscopía superior y prueba de antígeno de la superficie en mues-tras de heces en 100 pacientes atendidos en el Servicio de Gastroenterología del Centro Clínico Quirúrgico Ambulatorio (Hospital del Día) Efrén Jurado López del Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social (IESS), en la ciudad de Guayaquil, Ecuador, durante 2019. La media de la edad en la muestra de estudio fue 37,5 años, con un predominio del género femenino (78%). El 65% de las pruebas de antígeno para la detección de H. pylori en heces resultaron negativas. Los repor-tes de las pruebas de antígeno en heces e histopatología permitieron apreciar diferencias entre estos, pero con predominio de las coincidencias en los diagnósticos positivos. Existió una asocia-ción estadísticamente significativa entre las lesiones inflamatorias de la mucosa gástrica producto de la gastritis crónica atrófica y la infección por H. pylori. Los resultados de las dos pruebas diag-nósticas tuvieron una correlación lineal positiva y débil con significación estadística.

Helicobacter pylori is a microorganism that affects 50% of the population worldwide. A study with a non-experimental, correlational, and cross-sectional design was carried out in order to determine the association of the results of diagnostic tests for H. pylori infection through biopsy obtained by upper endoscopy and surface antigen test in samples of feces in 100 patients. These ones were treated at the Gastroenterology Service of the Ambulatory Surgical Clinic Center (Hospital del Día) Efrén Jurado López of the Ecuadorian Institute of Social Security (IESS), in the city of Guayaquil, Ecuador, during 2019. The mean age in the study sample was 37.5 years old, with a predominance of the female gender (78%). 65% of stool antigen tests for H. pyloriwere negative. The reports of the stool antigen test and histopathology allowed to appreciate differences between them, but with a predominance of the coincidences in the positive diagno-ses. There was a statistically significant association between the inflammatory lesions of the gastric mucosa because of chronic atrophic gastritis and the infection by H. pylori. The results of the two diagnostic tests had a positive and weak linear correlation with statistical significance

Caffeinated Drinks and Physical Performance in Sport: A Systematic Review.

Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is one of the most common substances used by athletes to enhance their performance during competition. Evidence suggests that the performance-enhancing properties of caffeine can be obtained by employing several forms of administration, namely, capsules/tablets, caffeinated drinks (energy drinks and sports drinks), beverages (coffee), and chewing gum. However, caffeinated drinks have become the main form of caffeine administration in sport due to the wide presence of these products in the market. The objective of this systematic review is to evaluate the different effects of caffeinated drinks on physical performance in various sports categories such as endurance, power-based sports, team sports, and skill-based sports. A systematic review of published studies was performed on scientific databases for studies published from 2000 to 2020. All studies included had blinded and cross-over experimental designs, in which the ingestion of a caffeinated drink was compared to a placebo/control trial. The total number of studies included in this review was 37. The analysis of the included studies revealed that both sports drinks with caffeine and energy drinks were effective in increasing several aspects of sports performance when the amount of drink provides at least 3 mg of caffeine per kg of body mass. Due to their composition, caffeinated sports drinks seem to be more beneficial to consume during long-duration exercise, when the drinks are used for both rehydration and caffeine supplementation. Energy drinks may be more appropriate for providing caffeine before exercise. Lastly, the magnitude of the ergogenic benefits obtained with caffeinated drinks seems similar in women and men athletes. Overall, the current systematic review provides evidence of the efficacy of caffeinated drinks as a valid form for caffeine supplementation in sport.

Freiberg's Infraction: Surgical Options.

Freiberg's infraction is an uncommon condition of the lesser metatarsophalangeal joints. Onset is usually between the 11th and 17th year of age. It is the only osteochondrosis that dominantly affects females with a reported female-to-male ratio of 5.1. The second metatarsal is most frequently involved (68%) followed by the third metatarsal (27%), and the fourth (3%). Surgical treatment options can be categorized in joint destructive and joint preserving procedures. Studies reveal complete resolution of pain and full return to activities in 70% after joint destructive procedure and more than 90% after joint preserving procedures.

High-resolution time-dependent probabilistic assessment of the hydraulic performance for historic coastal structures: application to Luarca Breakwater.

Historic coastal structures have played a key role in small- to medium-size ports, being the driving force for the local development of coastal communities. Because coastal managers require reliable risk-based analysis of the whole life cycle of these coastal structures, previous lifetimes should be studied. This is a differentiating factor with respect to the newly built breakwaters. For this reason, in this work, a methodology for assessing how the hydraulic performance of an expired lifetime has evolved over the years is presented. It is performed following a probabilistic approach due to the uncertainty related to both the involved variables (wave climate, geometrical and structural breakwater variables) and the hydraulic response of the structure. The first ones are characterized by reliable probability distribution functions. The second ones are characterized by reliable formulae for the analysis of the hydraulic response. However, their non-conventional designs located in shallow-water locations require site-dependent formulae. To overcome this problem, a novel methodology to apply CFD numerical models is presented. Finally, it is integrated in a high-resolution time-dependent probabilistic methodology which takes into account the stochastic behaviour of all the involved variables, coastal and structural processes with a good uncertainty level. This article is part of the theme issue 'Environmental loading of heritage structures'.

[Prevalence and implicated risk factors associated with the exteriorization of cardiac pacemakers: 5 year follow-up]. / Factores asociados e implicados en la exteriorización de marcapasos definitivo, seguimiento a cinco años.

BACKGROUND: Infection is the most common complication related to permanent pacemaker implantation. The objetive of this study is to establish the prevalence and determine the frequency of risk factors associated with exteriorization of cardiac pacemakers at the Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology at the UMAE Hospital de Especialidades "Dr. Antonio Fraga Mouret" Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study from September 2005 to September 2010, where, for the analysis of the risk factors we selected cases and controls by age, sex and the diagnosis of Diabetes, or not. Was calculated measures of central tendency (mean, median and mode) and chi-squared, Fisher exact test and exact odds ratio. RESULTS: 3192 cardiac pacemakers were implanted, identifying 83 exteriorization cases, where 46 of them were selected for cases and controls, and the mean age was 71 years. CONCLUSIONS: Our prevalence of exteriorization of cardiac pacemakers is 2.6 %, these results are similar to previously published studies. None of the risk factors described are present as a cause in our population. The surgical technique used may be an important risk factor, so further studies analysing all techniques are needed.

Introducción: el objetivo de este estudio es establecer la prevalencia y determinar la frecuencia de factores de riesgo de exteriorización de marcapasos definitivos (MPD), en el departamento de Electrofisiología Cardiaca de la UMAE Hospital de Especialidades "Dr. Antonio Fraga Mouret" del Centro Médico Nacional La Raza del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social.Métodos: se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal, descriptivo del periodo: septiembre del 2005 a septiembre del 2010, para el análisis de los factores se manejó como casos y controles; se eligieron emparejándose por edad, sexo y presencia, o no, de factores de riesgo. Se realizó el cálculo de medidas de tendencia central (media, mediana y moda), así como pruebas de chi cuadrada, test de Fisher y razón de momios.Resultados: se implantaron 3192 MPD, identificando 83 casos de exteriorizaciones, seleccionando 43 casos para casos y controles, la edad promedio fue de 71 años. Ninguno de los factores de riesgo ni el tipo de técnica quirúrgica presentó significancia estadística.Conclusiones: nuestra prevalencia de exteriorizaciones es del 2.6 %, valores muy similares a los reportes publicados. Ninguno de los factores de riesgo descritos se encuentra presente como causa de exteriorización en nuestra población. El análisis de la técnica quirúrgica utilizada puede ser un factor importante, por lo que se necesitan estudios posteriores.

Infectious endocarditis in pacemaker endocardial leads: Report of three cases / Endocarditis infecciosa en marcapaso endocárdico. Reporte de 3 casos

Se presentan tres casos de endocarditis en cables de marcapasos definitivos y se hace una revisión de la literatura. La ecocardiografía transesofágica permitió diagnosticar las vegetaciones. La infección de los cables del marcapaso es menos común que la infección en el sitio del generador de pulso y tiene mayor morbilidad y mortalidad. Generalmente requiere extirpación quirúrgica de ambos electrodos y de la fuente de poder. Los gérmenes más frecuentemente encontrados son las variedades de Staphylococcus